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AIKEN; 



OR 



CLIMATIC CURE, 



BY 



AMORY COFFIN, M. D., and W. H. GEDDINGS, M. D. 



Man uermt als 2:rds.stes Gliick auf Erdeu 
Gesund zu sein 
Ich sage nein. 

Ein gros-srs ist gesund zu werdeu. 

(Inscription on Statute of Hygeia. ■ 




CHARLESTON, S. C. 

WALRER, EVANS & COGSWELL, PRINTERS^ 

Nos. a Broad 4 109 East Bay 9t». 

1869. 



•^ 



INTRODUCTION". 



As in days of yore, when a stranger of distinction 
arrived at a fashionable watering place, it was the pleas- 
ant duty of the master of ceremonies to wait upon him^ 
offer him the amenities of the place, and introduce him 
to its " lions," after which he made him acquainted with 
the physician of the establishment, who inquired into 
the nature of his ailments, and then, with more pro- 
fessional seriousness, explained to the visitor the charac- 
ter and action of the peculiar water or climate, its. 
adaptability to his special complaint and the chances 
he had of being benefited b}^ them ; so do we, the writ- 
ers of this little pamphlet, purport, in its pages, in the 
first place, to make our visitors more familiar with our 
little town and its surroundings, and for our more in- 
timate acquaintance, to tell them what we have been, 
what we are and what we confidently hope to be ; and 
in the second place, to show them what long experience 
and investigation should lead us to expect from climate 
in its different varieties, hosv this experience has been 
confirmed or modified by more recent researches, to 
explain to thcra the peculiar character of our o^vn cli- 
mate, and let them infer, with, perhaps, the assistance 
of their medical advisers, what good they are likely to 
derive therefrom. 

In composing the latter part of our work, we have 
also wished to interest the attention of those of our 
medical brethren, whose peculiar avocations, perhaps, 
have not led them to pa}^ the subject that regardwhich 



b INTRODUCTION. 

our constant contact with it and our conviction of its 
importance force upon us. 

In directing our remarks more especially to the in- 
fluence of climate on Phthisis, we do not wish to be un- 
derstood as confining its good effects to that disease, as 
it is equally beneficial in many others, which are either 
pulmonary in their seat, or asthenic in their nature, 
such as chronic bronchitis or pneumonia, catarrhs of 
various kinds, and slow convalescences from acute dis- 
eases, — those convalescences which are so, imperfect as 
never to obliterate the stamp of the original disease, if 
left to accomplish themselves under unfavorable cir- 
cumstances; but we have dwelt more on this disease 
because of its great and rapidly increasing prevalence, 
the great interest consequently attached to it, and our 
convictions that we possess here a combination of cir- 
cumstances constituting a climate calculated to influence 
beneficially a large majority of consumptive cases. 

Our lions are few and small, mere sucking doves — 
"Poor things, sirs, but our own." But our climate, we 
will venture to assert and endeavor to prove, is unsur- 
passed, at least on this continent, by the good effects it 
produces in very many cases, in some of them perhaps 
only prolonging life, in others effecting a restoration to 
that most blessed condition, Health. 



HISTORY, 



It may bo interesting to go back a few decades and 
recall the history of our little town. In 1829 the 
Charleston and Hamburg Canal and Railroad Com- 
pany, the first to introduce the locomotive on the 
American continent, obtained a charter for the purpose 
of building a railway from Charleston, on the seaboard, 
to Hamburg, at the head of navigation of the Savannah 
River. 

The idea of a railroad one hundred and thirt^'-'Six 
miles long was at that time so stupendous that the 
canal feature had to be adopted to mitigate it to men's 
minds. The fact seems ridiculous at the present day, 
but we, who tell it, well remember the pride and exulta- 
tion at the successful completion of the road, not very 
long after that of the Liverpool and Manchester Rail- 
way, old Stephenson's great pioneer work. 

In avoiding the streams, a rather circuitous route was 
followed, which brought the road to the head of the 
water-shed, between the Savannah and Edisto Rivers. 
Thence, to reach the banks of the river, it was at that 
time thought necessary to descend a steep incline by 
means of a stationary engine. 

The dry, sandy plain at? the top of this incline was 
deemed a suitable situation for a toj^vn, merely regarded 
in the light of a trading place, for-the purchase of the 
moderate quantity of cotton and corn produced in the 
neighborhood for shipment to Charleston, which pre- 



8 HISTORY. 

vioiisly took the long way of Augusta, and down the 
river to Savannah. 

In order to further this plan the owners of the land, 
with sagacious foresight, granted a quantity of it to 
the company, provided a depot should be established 
there. In 1833 the town was laid out, and named by 
the company Aiken, in honor of William Aiken, its first 
president. 

The hopes of the projectors were soon realized. 
Houses were built and stores were opened, which 
carried on such a flourishing trade with the farmers and 
planters of the country, that the Bank of the State 
found it necessary to establish a branch in order to 
meet the wants of the business community. 

The building used for banking purposes, now a lawyer's 
office, is situated on Main street, and is solely remarka- 
ble for being the only brick building in this vicinity. 
This prosperous and pleasant condition of things lasted 
until the year 1837, when a series of reverses was 
suffered. At first fire did its work by consuming 
nearly the whole of the business portion of the town. 
The legend accounting for the origin of the fire runs 
that a young man, clerk or storekeeper, possessed by 
more partiality for puppies than prudence for property, 
in attempting to smoke out a nest of yellow jackets, 
which were inimcial to his canine pets, set fire acci- 
dentally to one of the stores. The flames spread rapidly 
from one to another of the houses, built of inflammable 
dry pine wood, and in a few hours the whole street was 
only a mass of ashes. From this calamity the young 
community recovered slowly, owing to the troubles pro- 
duced by overbanking in Nicholas Biddle's attempt to 
bolster his United States Bank. The effects of the crash 
were felt even in this remote corner of the world. 



iirsTOiiY. y 

It was not for many years, indeed not until the san_ 
atory nature of its climate became gradually known, 
that it commenced its work oi:«recuperation. It was at 
first resorted to in summer by invalids from Charleston 
and the seacoast. The marked beneficial influence 
exercised by its dry, tonic air on those suffering from 
^ afl:ections of the lungs, and on convalescents from long, 
tedious diseases, soon made it a resort for such. There 
are several of our most prominent and useful citizens 
who are still alive, who seemed to be rescued from im- 
minent death by its preservative efi'ects. About 1845 
or 1846 an eftbrt was made to have its virtues known in 
the Northern parts of the Union, as a great want was 
felt for a place of resort possessing more tonic proper- 
ties than the mild but debilitating climates of Cuba and 
Florida. The more Consumption is acknowledged to be 
a disease of general debility, and not one of mere local 
import as affecting the lungs, the more importance will 
be attached in the selection of a sanatory climate, to 
* the dryness and tonic action of the atmosphere, than 
to mere warmth and mildness. Until the breaking out 
of the war, Aiken was becoming more and more a place 
of resort for invalids from the North in winter. Since 
the restoration of peace it has had again to make a 
name for itself, and this it seems to have done very 
rapidlj^, as the number of visitors has increased very 
largely every yeixr. 

In 1852 the locomotive, anticipating in a small way 
that spirit which, in later years, has led it to prefer 
burrowing through the substance of mountains, to 
climbing their summit, deserted the slow and tedious 
inclined plane, and had an easier way made for itself 
through the hills. The deserted track has been de- 
graded into a common sewer, and now serves as a drain 



10 



HISTORY. 



to cany off the superfluous rain water from the town. 
After our American custom, the hotel rises \vith the 
town. A small two-story building, on the site of the 
present hotel, served as a breakfast house for passen- 
gers from Augusta to Charleston, and to accommodate 
visitors. This was soon found insuflicient ; other build- 
ings were added and joined on, with more regard to 
space than symmetrj^, until the interior, with its long 
passages, its steps up, and its steps down, and the turn- 
ings one had to make to arrive at a particular room, up 
narrow staircases and along dark corridors, resembled 
more that of an old English inn than a modern Ameri- 
can structure. In 1854 the building, which now consti- 
tutes the hotel, was added on to the western end as a 
kind of wing to meet the increased demand for accom- 
modation. During the war this lai-ge rookery was 
inhabited by a great number of families who had taken 
refuge in Aiken from the dangers of the war, which 
was so actively carried on in Charleston and all along 
the coast, or had been evicted from their homes, which 
had fallen into the hands of the enemy. After the war 
it was occupied by United States soldiers as barracks, 
and finally the old part was torn down and the prem- 
ises put in their present condition by the i)roprietor, 
Mr. Gregg, as soon as the influx of visitors made such 
a proceeding a probable profit. Another hotel was 
erected some time after this first, on the brow of a hill 
commanding an extensive view, at the head of the 
above-mentioned inclined plane. This was burned 
down in 1850, while filled with guests, all of whom 
luckily escai^ed unharmed. The site, a very eligible 
one, was, on account of the dilficulty of obtaining titles 
to the land, not built on again, but remained vacant 
until lately, when it Avas selected by Dr. Eockwell as 



HISTORY. 11 

the most suitable spot on which to place his Sanato- 
rium, the buildings of which are now in course of 
erection, and will doubtless be shortly finished. This 
promises to be an extensive and very tasteful structure, 
and a great ornament to the town. 

Before '-our late little unpleasantness," Aiken was 
the resort of two sets of visitors; wealthy planters 
from the coast districts found it a pleasa-nt and conve- 
nient refuge from the malaria of the plantations, and 
built their summer cottages on choice situations, within 
a mile or two of the village, and no sooner had the 
frosts of autumn allowed them to return to their 
country homes than the tide of pulmonary invalids 
from the JSTorth set in, and we have known these frosts 
so late in occurring that, yellow fever being then in 
Charleston, the second tide has come in before the first 
could retire, and the consequence was a perfect inunda- 
tion. This, however, was before stern poverty had 
obliged private families to open their houses for the 
reception of boarders. Almost all the occupants o 
these summer houses now help out a much diminished 
income in this manner; and visitors, instead of being 
obliged to put up at common boarding houses, have the 
advantage of becoming inmates of educated and refined 
circles. This the Northerners seem to appreciate highly, 
and much mutual esteem and friendship have thus been 
generated. 

In 18G5 Sherman's invading army, on its way to 
Columbia, passed about five miles to the south of Aiken, 
and Kilpatrick with his cavalry made a diversion 
towards the manufacturing towns of Graniteville and 
Yaucluse. At Aiken he was met by Confederate cav- 
alry under General Wheeler, repulsed with some loss, 
and driven down the line of railroad back to the main 



12 Early Period of Reconstruction in South Carolina. [ 12 

by the Union forces, as was also the town of Beaufort, the 
chief local center. Somewhat later, the whole district lying 
between the Combahee and Savannah rivers, together with 
all the sea islands, fell into the hands of the Federals and 
was held by them unmolested until the close of the war. 

In many respects this part of South Carolina fared worse 
than any other in the State. It was the richest agricultural 
district, being the chief section devoted to the production of 
fine long-stapled sea-island cotton, and containing, besides, 
extensive rice fields. It was also the largest slave-holding 
parish in the State, the slaves numbering 32,000." Many of 
the wealthiest planters of South Carolina had their summer 
residences at Beaufort and on the islands, while throughout 
the section were to be found the homes of families repre- 
senting the pride of Southern aristocracy. Upon the cap- 
ture of the islands the white people retreated inland, and 
the forcibly abandoned farms were for the time confiscated 
and turned over to the negroes.^ It was practically no better 
on the main land. Beaufort became a " deserted village " 
so far as its former white residents were concerned. Early 
in June, 1863, Colonel Montgomery, with five companies of 
a negro regiment, started from Beaufort and made an expe- 
dition about twenty miles up the Combahee river. General 
devastation seems to have been the chief object of the expe- 
dition. All the slaves at work on the plantations, about 800, 
were taken to Beaufort ; and squads of colored soldiers were 
sent in various directions to burn buildings, and secure 
provisions and other property. One account states that 
every house, barn or other building belonging to any known 
secessionist was burned, and all the portable property of 
value carried off. In this way, several rice mills and nu- 
merous storehouses filled with rice and cotton were burned. 
One storehouse that was fired contained two years' crops of 
rice, and another, $10,000 worth of cotton. The burning of 

" Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1861, p. 298. 

^ South Carolina correspondence to New York Tribune, Jan. 27, 
1864. 



13] Introduction. 13 

twenty-five buildings, many of them containing immense 
quantities of rice, was credited to one company alone. The 
locks, by which the plantations were irrigated, were broken, 
causing the rice fields to be flooded and the young crop to be 
destroyed. Large quantities of household furniture were 
brought away as trophies of the expedition. The same ac- 
count also gives this further information : " About the 
same time that the above raid was made, Colonel Barton, 
with a large, picked force, made an expedition on three 
steamers to the village of Bluffton. The village was cap- 
tured with but little opposition, and burned to the ground, 
only one building, a church, being spared." ' 

The district that thus fell into the hands of the Federals 
comprised the principal area in South Carolina that came 
under the sway of the Union authorities. Aside from the 
bombardment of Charleston, already mentioned, no further 
military operations of importance took place in South Caro- 
lina till the beginning of 1865. The regular State govern- 
ment held control of almost all of the State and continued 
in practically undisturbed operation through the war." Thus 
South Carolina, unlike most of the Southern States, main- 
tained without serious molestation, her status as a Confed- 
erate commonwealth about as long as the Confederacy lasted. 

The Federal policy of invasion having been by land rather 
than by water. South Carolina, by her geographical posi- 
tion, was practically free from the presence of Union sol- 
diers until near the collapse of the Confederacy. Hence 
there wxre few problems in local government growing out 
of military occupation, such as there were in the States of 
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. The trend of mili- 
tary affairs indicated clearly that the war was almost over 
when General Sherman completed his raid through South 
Carolina and passed into North Carolina, there to meet and 
dictate terms of capitulation to General Johnston. In the 



* Appleton's Animal Cyclopedia, 1864, p. 824. 
' Ibid., p. 725. 



14 POSITION AND APPEARANCE. 

now presents rather an uncouth appearance. Two lots 
laid vacant by fire, the piles of bricks only indicating 
where the pleasant-looking houses once stood ; the 
mounds of red clay, looking like earthworks on a small 
scale, thrown up from the old track, which is now used 
as a drain for the town, are rather unsightly. Besides 
which there are several old ruinous houses, which the 
commencing march of improvement has not 3^et reached 
to remove or reconstruct. But there are one or two 
redeeming features on it. The large, cheerful-looking 
dwelling, erected by Mr. Chapman, now owned and 
occupied by Hon. Zephaniah Piatt, District Judge, Mr. 
McGeorge's tasteful and roomy residence, and the 
Eoman Catholic Chapel, a pretty building in course of 
construction, are on this street. The blots above-men- 
tioned will be soon obliterated by the erection of new 
houses, and the carting away of the earth for the pur- 
pose of filling up of low places. We now reach the 
main street, where all the trade of the town with the 
neighboring country is carried on. The shops, though 
most of them are low, one-story buildings, are well 
stocked with a variety of goods. 

The larger portion of the town is situated on this 
side of the railroad, as the more level character of the 
ground adapted it better for business purposes. The 
greater number of summer residences lie, however, 
scattered about on the points and promontories over- 
looking the more broken ground on the south side. On 
nearly all, however, with the exception of the more 
recently erected structures, the evidences of enforced 
neglect, resulting from the poverty consequent on the 
disastrous results of the war, are visible in the absence 
of paint, whitewash, repair, and that general neatness 
to which the visitor from the North is accustomed at 



POSITION AND APPEARANCE. 15 

home, and the want of which strikes him at first dis- 
agreeably. This impression, however, is not lasting, 
and wears off under the influence of the genuine hos- 
pitality with which he is treated, and the kindly feel- 
ings thereby generated. We must confess, however, 
that we are well aware of our deficiencies in this 
respect, and are making strong efforts to do away with 
them. We feel bitterly how much we are cramped by 
Avant of means to carry out the improvements we have 
in contemplation, for we know how pleasant our little 
village could be made to our friends, " if to do were as 
easy as to know what to do." 

The municipal authorities have not been idle in this 
matter. They have organized a board, composed of 
gentlemen of the town, for the purpose of suggesting 
and superintending imi3rovements, of contributing as 
much as lies in their power towards the comfort of the 
invalids, and of furnishing them with such information 
as they may require. Among other things tending 
towards this latter object, their scope of action com- 
prises the keeping a register of arrivals, and a list of 
vacant rooms and houses, their clerk being ready to 
answer any communication by letter inquiring about 
terms of board, etc.; further than this, any individual 
member of the board will be glad to furnish informa- 
tion and to contribute his special services. Among 
other objects which they have in view are the improve- 
ment of the favorite walks, and the erection of seats 
under the trees and in shady spots, so that the invalid 
may extend his walk, being sure of a comfortable place 
to rest without being obliged to return to his home for 
that purpose, and the formation of a park in grounds 
already granted, besides the erection of a casino, or 
place of resort, where visitors can meet, read the 
papers, have a social chat, etc., etc. 



16 POSITION AND APPEARANCE RELIGIOUS. 

To cany out all these schemes money is required. 
Our own resources arc limited — very limited. The 
smallness of our population, and their Avant of means, 
prevent our entertaining the hope of raising a sufficient 
sum among ourselves for that purpose. We therefore 
find ourselves compelled to appeal to the liberality of 
those, for whose benefit they are principally intended, 
to assist us in our endeavors. In doing so we find our- 
selves not without precedent. At European watering 
places a compulsory " cure-tax " is imposed on visitors 
for the maintenance of a band of music, keeping the 
grounds in order, and other necessary expenses. This 
is always cheerfull}^ paid, as the payer knows that it is 
expended for his benefit and amusement. We are con- 
fident that a voluntary contribution will be agreed to 
and maintained with at least equal and even greater 
alacrity and liberality. If our appeal is responded to 
in the generous manner which we have a right to 
expect from the character of our visitors, we propose 
not only to lay out our }>ark and erect our casino, but 
also to support a band of music for their delectation. 
It must not be supposed that we have been entirely 
supine. Since last winter some new houses have been 
erected, more repaired, repainted, and made generally 
more presentable to company, and we do not doubt but 
that the spirit of improvement will rapidly increase, if 
it were only from the fact of one man being unwilling 
to be outstripped by his neighbor even in the appear- 
ance of his house or store. 

EELIGIOUS. 

We can boast of five churches, representing as many 
religious denominations. On Richland street, the Bap- 
tist, the oldest, is served by the Rev. Lucius Cuthbert, 
and the Methodist by Rev. A. Walker. These two are 



RELIGIOUS — MEDICAL. 17 

next to each other. Higher np we come to the Epis- 
copal Church, the Eector of which is the Eev. E. S. 
Edgerton. The Eoman Catholic Chapel and Presbyte- 
rian Church are on Eailroad avenue. The former of 
these is still in course of construction, and will be com- 
pleted about the first of January. The latter is with- 
out a resident pastor, but is occasionally served by a 
minister from Charleston. 

In these churches the seats are all free, with the 
exception of the Episcopal, in which the pews are 
rented out at so much a month, and the proceeds 
appropriated to the support of the Eector. 

MEDICAL. 

Erora the description of the religious to that of the 
medical element of the town, the transition is easy; 
but we, the writers, being ourselves among the physi- 
cians, cannot be expected to say anything more of our- 
selves than that most of us have received a scientific 
European or Northern education, and have necessaril}^ 
had much experience in pulmonary disease.. The fol- 
lowing gentlemen constitute the medical stafi" of the 
town : Drs. W. F. Pcrcival, P. G. Eockwell, (in charge 
of Sanatorium,) S. MuUer, Amorj^ Coffin, and W. II. 
Cleddings. 

The peculiar necessities of the place, containing so 
many invalids accustomed to the refinements of a 
scientific practice, induce and oblige our apothecaries, 
Messrs. Wood & Co., and Mr. W. 11. Ilarbers, to keep 
on hand a choicer and fuller stock of medicines than is 
found, as a rule, in small towns. 

Those of our visitors who may require their teeth 
and dental arrangements attended to, will, we are sure, 



18 WALKS, DRIVES AND AMUSEMENTS. 

be quite satisfied with the skill and scientific acquire- 
ments of our friend Dr. James M. Day. 

WALKS, DJIIYES AND AMUSEMENTS. 

The more recent observations on Phthisis, carefully 
conducted experiments, and our own experience, con- 
firm the time-honored prepossession in favor of a life led 
as much as possible in the open air. While carefully 
warning our patients against the injurious effects of 
over fatigue, we would perforce turn every one of them, 
who was not too weak, out of doors every day that it 
did not actually rain, and even the weak ones gain 
strength, inhaling the uncontaminated fresh air, seated 
under some tree, with nothing overhead but the clear 
sky and the bright sun. But for those who are able to 
take longer walks, without the much to be deprecated 
over fatigue, the exercise doubtless is beneficial, as 
improving the appetite and assisting digestion, besides 
avoiding the injurious effects of the emiui inseparable 
from a monotonous stay in the house. And our climate 
is above all things remarkable for the rapid drying of 
the ground, so much so that after the heaviest rains 
the invalid is not detained at home by the fear of get- 
ting his feet wet. We will, for his guidance, enumerate 
one or two of the pleasantest of these rambles. The 
first is to the Coker Spring, about fifteen minutes' walk 
from the Eailroad avenue, along a broad, well-travelled 
road. At the end of his walk, in a pleasant valley, he 
will find the spring (named after the original owner of 
the adjacent lands) in an inclosure meant to protect it 
against the destructive propensities of rambling swine, 
etc. The water of the spring is simply limpid and 
cool, possessing no medicinal qualities whatever, but 
well charged with fixed air, and containing the slightest 



WALKS, DRIVES AND AMUSEMENTS. 19 

trace of soda. Extending his walk for ten minutes 
longer, the pedestrian comes to the picturesque little 
valley in which is situated the Calico Spring, so named 
from the abundance of the beautiful calico bush or 
laurel, {Kalmia latifolia,) which line the steep hill-sides. 
Following the path up the valley, we reach the jDretty 
little spring, still presenting its natural picturesque 
appearance, and overhung in the spring by large 
bushes of azaleas, kalmias, and other flowering shrubs. 

Eetracing our steps, we return to the Coker Spring, 
where we can, if weary, refresh ourselves by a warm 
bath and a cup of "Bouillon," at the establishment of 
Mr. Gerner, which is attached to the spring. A ramble 
through the pine woods to the north and northeast of 
the town is rendered pleasant by the peculiar balsamic 
fragrance of the leaves of the pine trees. A large 
grove of these pines exists to the west of Dr. Eock- 
well's Sanatorium, and, when walks are made through 
it, will constitute a very pleasant and healthy prome- 
nade. Air impregnated with this aroma of the pine is 
particularly grateful to delicate lungs, and has been 
lauded from time immemorial as an important adjuvant 
in the climatic treatment of pulmonary affections. 

Those who are geologically curious will find interest 
in the singular formations and strata laid bare by the 
railroad cuttings. In the winter the tall evergreen 
pines predominate over the leafless deciduous trees and 
shrubs, but, as soon as the spring opens, the woods are 
full of the greatest variety of wild flowers, giving 
interesting occupation to the student of botany. CrjqD- 
togaraous plants are naturally not as abundant, cither 
as individuals or species, as in moister climates ; still 
there are enough of them to reward the collector for 
his search. 



20 WALKS, duives and amusement?. 

To those who prefer taking carriage or horseback 
exercise, the Kvery stables of Staubes or Wimberly will 
furnish comfortable carriages and buggies, and good 
saddle horses, and the country around some pleasant 
drives and rides. 

The first and shortest of these is the drive to a 
small and pretty settlement of gentlemen's houses, 
about two miles from Aiken, on the road to Granite- 
ville. The name of this little burg is Kalmia, and a 
visit to the highly cultivated, terraced grounds and 
garden of choice flowers of one of the houses fully 
compensates for the rough up and down hill drive. 

Three miles further on, over an equally uneven road, 
we come to Graniteville. Before we reach it, however^ 
we must stop for a little while on the top of the Chalk 
Hill to admire the extensive prospect of the valley of 
Horse Creek. To the right is a view of seemingly 
interminable forests of tall pine, v>^ith hills in the dis- 
tance; below us, sleeping placidly in the sunshine, like 
two small lakes, are the two reservoirs that feed the 
canal furnishing water power to the mills, and right 
beneath us, on the banks of the small river, is the 
manufacturing village. Turning into a road on the left 
we are led to the neatly kept cemetery ; from the 
height on which this is situated we see down the valley 
a far distance towards Augusta, and in the middle 
ground we perceive the village of Kalmia Mills, the 
mills themselves l3^ing idle for want of capital to run 
them. The present owners being only capitalists who 
have invested money in this shape, they are in the 
market for sale, and we expect will not long remain 
without a purchaser. 

But the little beehive below us is the very reverse 
of idle. As we descend to it we begin to perceive 



WALKS, DRIVES AND AMUSEMENTS, 21 

that it is a live place. The noise of the wheels, the 
hum of the *machiaery, the preoccupied business air 
of those you meet, the regularity and neatness of 
the streets and houses with their bright flower 
gardens in front, remind the visitors more of the 
villages of their Northern home. This factory was 
founded in 1845, by the late Mr. Wm. Gregg, to whose 
energy and prudent foresight it owes its long career of 
prosperity. We feel it necessary to warn those whose 
lungs are delicate against staying any time in those 
parts of the mill where fine particles of lint and dust 
are floating in the atmosphere. A morning or after- 
noon spent in a visit to G-raniteville is always remem- 
bered with pleasure. 

The nearness of Augusta, (seventeen miles,) and the 
facility with which it is reached, a train running each 
way four times a day, makes a trip there a pleasant 
break in the uniformity of invalid life. The accom- 
modation or local train, which leaves at 7:45 and 
returns at 6:30, is the one usually taken by those who 
go there on a pleasure excursion. It is a cheerful, 
pretty town. Main street being alive with busy swarms, 
and the more retired streets, quite broad and well 
planted with elms, contain houses indicating more than 
an usual degree of taste and wealth. This is accounted 
for by the fact of Augusta not having been injured to 
any degree by the war, and having advanced steadily 
in prosperity ever since. 

And now that we have been entertaining our readers 
so long with this gossipy chat about ourselves, intro- 
ducing ourselves to them, and making them better 
acquainted ;vvith us, we would beg those of them who 
are invalids, or who wish to acquire information on the 
subject, to accompany us while, in a more serious mood, 
2 



ZZ INVALIDS CONSUMPTION. 

we turn the conversation on themselves, and endeavor 
to explain to them the light that the most recent inves- 
tigations have thrown upon the nature of their affec- 
tion, what advances science has made in opposing and 
retarding its progress, and what beneficial effect they 
may expect from our peculiar climate. 

From its universal prevalence throughout the world, 
sparing neither age nor sex, respecting neither class 
nor condition, seizing with unpitying impartiality the 
young and the old, the princely merchant and the poor 
mechanic, the beautiful drawing-room belle and the 
humble factor}^ girl, but electing for its favorite victims 
the brightest and most interesting members of a family, 
the question of the nature and treatment of Consuynp- 
tion has, perhaps, engaged the attention of physicians 
more generally than any other in the whole domain of 
medical science. Its prevalence may be determined by 
statistics showing the rate of mortality in proportion 
to the population and to that from other diseases. 
Thus we find that one-seventh of all the deaths through- 
out the world are due to Consumption. In the United 
States, in the years 1859-'60, the number of deaths 
from Consumption was 49,082, being in the proportion 
of 13.79 per cent, to that from all other diseases. These 
numbers give us some idea of the enormous amount of 
those who are attacked by the disease, and have very 
naturally directed the attention of medical men to the 
ascertainment of its nature, and the discovery and 
application of some specific remedy for its cure. For 
centuries back, every few years some new Archimedes 
starts up, and cries out to all the people, " I have found 
it," and for awhile the people believe him, and miracu- 
lous cures are effected and published to the world. But 
alas ! ,the new remedy fails to stand the test of time 



INVALIDS CONSUMPTION. 23 

and of crucial scientific examination. Undaunted by 
their failures, medical men still continue their endeavors 
to combat the insidious foe. Experiment upon experi- 
ment is tried with the hope of discovering some specific 
capable of arresting its terrible march. But as far as 
internal drug-medication is concerned, but little haj^ 
been done, and, in this respect, we are to-day nearly as 
powerless as we were a hundred years ago. We would 
not make this confession without much mortification, if 
we could not, with some degree of gratification, point 
to the results obtained by the more philosophic appli- 
cation of other agents, aixd a more judicious selection 
of the particular climate suited to each case, which 
promises to replace the indiscriminate sending abroad, 
or "going South," which has so injudiciously obtained 
hitherto. In order to determine what climate is best 
adapted to the restoration of an invalid from any par- 
ticular disease, it is but natural that we should com- 
mence our inquiry as to the localities in which that 
disease is least prevalent among the native population, 
and to ascertain what conditions procure for them that 
exemption. 

In applying this process to the disease in question, 
our investigations show it to be universal, with the 
single exception to prove the rule. Wherever man 
is, there is Consumption, but in varying quantity. 
These variations occur sometimes to a great degree in 
situations not very remote from each other. Thus in 
Genoa, for instance, the disease is so prevalent that 
four-fifths of all bodies examined after death were 
found to contain evidences of Pulmonary Consumption.* 
In Nice, on the other hand, situated on the same coast, 



*Dcscrizzione di Genova. 184G. 



24 TEMPERATURE. 

only a few miles to the southwest, it is so rare that 
consumptive patients are sent there to spend the winter 
months from all parts of Europe. 

It is proposed, in the present pages, to present a 
short resume of the medical geography of Consumption, 
and of the influences which are most active in giving 
rise to it, and thus enable the reader to f5rni some idea 
of the climate which affords him the best chance of 
recovery, or, at least of a prolongation of life. 

In preparing the following statistics, the writers have 
been careful to select only such as are vouched for by 
the best and latest authority, and cheerfully admit that 
they have drawn extensively on Professor Hirch's 
admirable book on Medical Geography,"^ a work which 
has not yet been translated into English, and is, conse- 
quently, beyond the reach of many of their readers. 

In treating of climate we have to take its three 
elements into consideration, viz : 1st. Temperature, or 
thermometrical range ; 2d. Dryness or moisture, or 
hygrometric condition ; and, 3d. Equability, or sudden 
variations in thermometric and barometric indications ; 
and we propose to consider the effect of each of these 
in its turn, both in the production of the disease in 
question and on its course when once generated. 

1st. TEMPEKATUEE. 

Believing that his complaint originates in exposure 
to a low temperature, as in many cases it doubtless 
does, the pulmonary invalid instinctively seeks relief in 
the warmer climates of low latitudes. Feeling keenl}^ 
on the sensitive surface of his air-tubes the cutting 

■••Handbuch dcr liistorisch-geogropbiscbcn Patbologie August Hirscb. 
Erlangen. 1862-64. 



TEMPERATURE. 25 

effects of the cold Northern air, and with the hopeful- 
ness inherent in his disease, he is firmly convinced that 
if he could breathe for a season the warm breezes of 
the South, never mind where, he would get quite well. 
And we can imagine the astonishment with which the 
bold adventurers who first sought health in the dry, 
cold, bracing air of Sweden and Norway, Canada and 
Minnesota, and often found it too, must have been 
regarded. 

But medical geography proves conclusively, by its 
statistics, that mean temperature, independent of other 
conditions, exercises but little influence on the develop- 
ment of consumption, and that, although generally 
diffused over the whole globe, it is, as a rule, more 
prevalent in very warm than in cold climates, and its 
course much more rapid. 

The followini^ tables, extracted from Professor 
Hirsch's work mentioned above, show very conclu- 
sively how little the mean temperature has to do with 
the frequency of the disease : 

Name of Place. Mean Temperature. Mortality from Consumj-tiou. 

Boston ...45° F. 3.8 per M. 

London 47° 3.7 

St. Louis 50° 5^ 3.7 

Charleston };;;;:;;;::::^^:^:(i«^6)} 3.8 

Thus we see that the relative mortality from Consump- 
tion is as great in Charleston as in Boston,* although 
the difference in mean temperature amounts to 14.5° to 
19.5°. In Copenhagen the mean temperature is 42.8° 
F.; at Malta it is 59.8°; and yet the mortality from Con- 
sumption in both places is 3.3 per M. 

*Moro recent table.', kindly transmitted to us by Dr. (Jco. Derl)y, refer- 
ring to 1806, indicate a slight incrca.so for Boston, ninking the compara- 
tive mortality S.'J. 



26 TEMPERATURE. 

Among the English troops, whether stationed in 
ISiewfoiindland, where the mean is 37° F., or the Ionian 
Isles, where it is 55.4°, or at Gibraltar, 60°, the mortal- 
ity is the same, viz: 3.5 per M. 

Setting aside from our calculations the injurious 
effect produced by life in large cities, there is no agent 
which exercises a more deleterious influence on the 
course of Pulmonary Consumption than a very high 
temperature, such as obtains in the tropics. Not only 
is the disease very prevalent, but its progress, when 
once developed, is terribly rapid. This is most strik- 
ingly the case in the West Indies, on the coast of South 
America, and in Brazil. 

Even on our own continent we have in New Orleans 
a remarkable example of the deleterious effects of heat 
and moisture on the development of Tubercular Con- 
sumption. The rate of mortality from the disease in 
that city is 6 per M., which is much greater than that 
of any other city in the United States, and is equalled 
by that of few places in the world. "^ 

The climate of Florida, which is so beneficial to lung 
complaints during the winter, appears, from the reports 
of Southgate, to exercise a most injurious influence on 
the course of the disease during the summer months. 
Speaking of the influence of that climate on consump- 
tives residing at New Smyrna, and other points on the 
Atlantic coast, "who had contracted the disease at 
Florida, he says : " In such, the rapid melting down of 
the tissues of the lung in the warm months it has been 
my painful duty to witness in more than a single 
instance. "f 

*Stark. Ediu. Med. and Surg'l Journal, No. LXXV, p. 130. 
fMed. Statistics U. S. A., 18:59-'54, p. 313. 



EQUABILITY. 27 

In few places does the disease commit such extensive 
ravages as in the warm climates of the South Sea 
Islands. Speaking of these islands, Comeras says: 
"Pulmonary Phthisis is very common on the Islands 
of Tahiti and the Marquesas, in fact throughout the 
whole of Oceanica. It carries off one-third of the 
whole population. * "^ Pulmonary disorganization 
advances in these countries with fearful rapidity ; three 
or four months are sufficient to lead the patient to the 
grave. One finds at every step whole families a prey 
to convulsive cough, young daughters abandoned by 
their parents, consumptives in every stage reduced to a 
state of emaciation horrible to behold." 

The Sandwich Islands, however, constitute an excep- 
tion to this statement, for there the disease is by no 
means common. 

Having thus proved that warmth alone is not antag- 
onistic to the production or to the progress of the 
disease, when once developed, but that, on the contrary, 
in many instances, it favors the one and accelerates the 
other to an appalling degree, we will next proceed to 
consider what effect the second element, mentioned 
above, has, v'z: 

EQUABILITY. 

Although it is admitted that sudden and extreme 
variations of temperature are injurious to health gener- 
ally, and more especially detrimental to invalids, yet it 
is thought, by those who have paid most attention to 
the subject, that ordinary changes in the thermometer 
are rather beneficial than otherwise. Fuller, an emi- 
nent authority on Consumption, remarks: "Careful 
observation, amply corroborated by statistical records, 
proves incontestibly that the pure air of heaven which 



28 EQUABILITY DRYNESS OR HUMIDITY. 

God has provided for us to breathe, and the variations 
of temperature, to which, in His all- wise providence, He 
has seen fit to subject us, are not so noxious or produc- 
tive of ill health as man in his ignorance has oftentimes 
asserted. No climate is more variable than ours, (Eng- 
land,) and none certainly- is more healthy, as proved 
beyond dispute by the bills of mortality."* Southgate's 
opinion is that equability can hardl}'' be considered as the 
most vital element of climate, the highest degree of phy- 
sical vigor being attained in strikingly variable climates, 
the human constitution being adapted to such mutations, 
and its powers would languish under the monotonous 
impressicn of a uniform temperature for a long time.*}- 
Nevertheless, we must allow that very sudden changes 
exercise anything but a favorable influence on the 
production and progress of Consumption, and that the 
disease is not only rarer where the climate is equable, 
but that its course is also much less rapid. 

But in estimating the influence of sudden changes of 
temperature we must not leave out of the calculation 
the consideration that they are usually combined with 
a humid state of the atmosphere, and that, on the other 
hand, in places which possess an equable temperature 
a low dew-point obtains, indicating a dry state of the 
atmosphere ; and this leads us to the consideration of 
our third, and, as we consider it, the most important 
element of climate, viz: 

DEYNESS OE HUMIDITY. 

Nowhere in the domain of meteorology do we find 
an agent more potent in the production of Pulmonary 
Consumption, or one which exercises a more deleterious 

"*FulIer on the Lungs and Air Passages, p. 363. 
fU. S. Army Med. Stat., p. 312. 



DRYNESS OR HUMIDITY. 29 

effect upon its progress, than moisture. On looking 
over statistical reports from various parts of the world 
we are forcibly struck with the fact of its prevalence 
along the seacoast, and its diminished frequency as w^e 
approach the interior. On the coast of Africa it pre- 
vails extensively, especially at Benin and Biafra, but is 
almost unknown in the interior of that continent. On 
the coast of Egypt it is quite common, but diminishes 
in frequency the further inland we proceed, and disap- 
pears almost entirety in Upper Egypt. The same is 
true of all the parts of the African coast, where accu- 
rate statistics have been collected. Even Algiers is 
far from enjoying the immunity ascribed to it, the 
mortality from Consumption being 2.9 per M., very 
little below that of Dresden, which is 3 per M., and 
of many other European towns. In Europe the same 
predilection for the coast is observed, only in a less 
marked degree than on the other continents. In Asia 
we find it prevailing along the coast of the Red Sea^ 
but look for it in vain in the interior of Arabia. In 
India it prevails extensively on the coast of Malabar, 
Cawnpore, and in Bombay. 

Our own continent presents a striking confirmation 
of the statements regarding the baleful influence of 
moisture. Consumption is quite frequent all along the 
Atlantic and Gulf coasts, on the shores of our great 
lakes, and along the course of our larger rivers. 
Coolidge concludes his statistical I'eport of the diseases 
prevalent among the troops stationed in Florida with 
the following remarks: "An examination of the sta- 
tistics of that disease (Phthisis) for the several regions, 
in connection with the consolidated temperature and 
rain-tables, will serve to show in a marked degree the 
effect of long-continued high temperature, combined 
3 



30 DRYNESS OR HUMIDITY. 

with excessive moisture, (high dew-point,) in the pro- 
duction and development of Pulmonary Consumption." 
U. S. A. Med. Stat., 1839-'54, p. 338. 

In Mexico the disease prevails on the coast, but is 
almost unknown on the high and dry table-lands of 
that country. Nowhere, however, do we find the 
truth of the above assertion more fully confirmed than 
in Central and South America. Here, commencing with 
Mosquito, we find it prevalent along the coast of Costa 
Eica, Panama, Colombia, Guyana, Brazil, La Plata, 
Chile and Peru. In La Plata, where it was supj>osed 
at one time that a Sanatorium for Consumption existed, 
Dnpont found the disease very prevalent. Speaking 
of Montevideo, he says : " Cest cette aff'ection qui 
donne en temps ordinaire le plus de morts, et de rapa- 
triesiments pour les navires de cette station ; la Phthisic 
ne marche pas, elle galloppe, et telle est cette rapidite 
qu'il nest pas permis de rapatrie a temps les tuber 
culeux ; presque tons meurent sans qu il y ait un seul 
instant de rej^it." Notes et Observations mr la cote 
orientale d'Amerique, 1868. 

Our space will not allow us to go into detail as to its 
relative frequency in difibrent parts of the island-world; 
it will be sufficient to state that, with the exception of 
Iceland, it exists more or less extensively on nearly all 
of them. We have already shown how fearful its 
ravages are in Oceanica, and in the West Indies it 
carries off numbers of the inhabitants, both black and 
white. 

The above facts, which might be indefinitely multi- 
plied, demonstrate to what a great extent the prevalence 
of pulmonary complaints is due to a humid condition 
of the atmosphere. We might even go farther and 
prove how great the difference of its prevalence is 



WINDS CONFIGURATION OF THE EARTH. 31 

between two towns not very far from each other ; the 
one situated on a small lake or river suffering severely 
from its ravages, while the other, with a drier atmos- 
phere, enjoys almost complete immunity, but this would 
carry us too much into detail. 

WINDS. 

The winds which appear to exercise the most dele- 
terious influence are those which are most charged with 
moisture, viz : the east and northeast. 

CONFIGUEATION OF THE EAETH. 

This is naturally not without its influence. We have 
already had occasion to remark that in those countries 
where the dlcease is very prevalent on the coast, it 
gradually disappears as we ascend the mountains. 
Those places which are noted for their exemption are 
high and remarkable for the dryness of the soil. We 
find confirmatory examples of this in Central and many 
States of South America. The high plateaus of the 
Eocky Mountains and the Andes are almost exempt, 
and tuberculous patients derive great benefit from a 
residence in these elevated situations. The hei-ght that 
has been found most beneficial is from eighteen hun- 
dred to four thousand feet, and even higher. In Natal 
the Drakenberg range attains an elevation of ten thou- 
sand feet, and is crowned by a table land where the 
climate is dry, the sun brilliant, and the heat not exces- 
sive. Dr. Weber, physician to the German Hospital, 
London, in an interesting paper, read before the Eoyal 
Med. and Chir. Society, {Lancet^ August, 1869,) asserts 
that there is no fixed elevation of immunity for every 
degree of latitude, but that elevation is influenced by 
all circumstances afi'ecting the degree of dampness or 



32 EFFECTS OF CIVILIZATION. 

dryness of the soil, confirming his statements by refer- 
ence to the important results of Bowditcli and Buchan- 
an's researches. He further remarks that these elevated 
localities offer great advantages in cases of early Con- 
sumption and tendency to Consumption, in the dispo- 
sition to Catarrhal Pneumonia, and the results of this 
disease, particularly the so-called tubercular deposits 
and the genuine tubercular infiltrations. 

EFFECTS OF CIYILIZATIOK 

Civilization, and its attendant evils, undoubtedly favor 
the development of tubercular disease. For a long 
time Consumption was unknown among the Indians 
and early settlers of our Western States, but as soon as 
the population increased, and the new comers brought 
with them the manners and customs of the East, the 
disease became every year more and more frequent, so 
that at the present day it is quite as prevalent there as 
in the other parts of the Union. Among the Bedouins 
it is almost unknown as long as these people lead their 
nomadic life in the desert ; no sooner, however, do they 
remove to the coasts of the lied Sea, and " exchange 
the tent for a house of stone," than they become a prey 
to the disease. 

That the crowding together of many individuals is a 
fruitful source of Consummation is proved by the fact 
that it is in large cities that it finds most of its victims ; 
thus in Edinburg the mortality is 4.8 per M., in Glas- 
gow 7, in Paris 4.1, New York 3.4, and New Orleans 6. 
In Lisbon the disease prevails extensively, while the 
surrounding country is almost exempt. That this is 
not owing solely to the enervating influences of city 
life, but to crowding, may be considered proved by the 
following facts: The aborigines of New Zealand, who, 



EFFECTS OF CIVILIZATION. 33 

previous to the arrival of the English settlers, led a 
wild, roaming life, were found to be comparatively 
exempt from tubercular disease. It was deemed after- 
wards necessary to confine them to a certain tract of 
country, but here, although they were supplied with 
food, clothing and dwellings, the mortalit}^ among 
them, especially from Consumption, became so great 
that government found it necessary to remove the 
restriction, after which the mortality was greatly 
diminished. (Powders.) 

The effect of the density of population is made appa- 
rent by the following tables, extracted from Professor 
Hirsch's work. Thus in London : 

Where the population is 1 to every 32 square yards the mortality 

from Consumption is 4.2 per M, 
Where there is 1 to ever}' 142 square yards the mortality from 

Consumption is 4 per M. 
Where there is one to every 173 square yards the mortality from 

Consumption is only 3.3 per M. 

In Ireland the proportion of mortality from Con- 
sumption to density of population is as follows. Leinster 
making an exception, as Dublin is the main represen- 
tative of the mortalit}^ of that county: 

In Ulster, 4,957 inhabitants to square mile, the proportion of 

deaths from Con'^umption to total number of deaths 1:8. 9G 

Leinster, 4,685 inhabitants to square mile, the proportion of 

deaths from Consumption to total number of deaths 1:6.95 

Munster, 4,133 inhabitants to square mile, the proportion of 

deaths from Consumption to total number of deaths 1:9.83 

Connaua;ht, 3,101 inhabitants to square mile, the proportion 

of deaths from Consumption to total number of deaths. 1:11. 11 

l^Hirsch, vol. 3, p. So. 

The injurious effects produced by the deprivation of 
good, pure fresh air are strikingly exemplified in the 
prison reports from different parts of the world. Of 
these we will only mention Baily's reports of the Mill- 
bank Penitentiary. Within the space of eighteen years 



34 EFFECTS OF CIVILIZATION. 

there were 205 deaths, 31 of which were from cholera ; 
of the remaining 174, 75 were due to Consumption. Of 
355 discharged on account of disease, 90 were affected 
with Consumption. Dr. Pietra Santa gives us the follow- 
ing account of the ravages of Consumption in the 
prisons of France and Algiers. Of 600 prisoners incar- 
cerated in the prison of Nimes, 350 died of Consump- 
tion in a very limited period. Of 27 deaths in the 
civil prison in Algiers, 17 were from Consumption, and 
at the Maison Centralc de I'Harrach, in Algeria, 57 out 
of 153 deaths were due to this disease. The crowding 
together of troops in barracks is almost as fatal as 
prison life. The mortality among the infantry of the 
Guard in England reaches the very high figure of 12 
per M. The mortality among troops engaged in 
active service is inconsiderable. What has been said of 
prisons and barracks applies, though in a less degree, 
to cloisters, schools, and factories and other institutions, 
in which the inmates are compelled to lead a sedentary 
life. 

Clarke, in his treatise on Pulmonary Consumption, 
makes the following pertinent remarks: "The effects 
of sedentary life in all classes and conditions of society 
is, in my opinion, most pernicious, and there is, perhaps, 
no cause, not even excepting hereditary predisposition, 
which exerts such a decided influence on the production 
of Consumption as the privation of fresh air and exercise; 
indeed, the result of my inquiries leads to the convic- 
tion that sedentary habits are among the most power- 
ful causes of tuberculous disease, and that they operate 
in the higher classes as the principal cause of its greater 
frequenc}^ among females." 

The consideration of the other causes of Consump- 
tion, such as hereditary predisposition, contagion, etc., 



EFFECTS OF CLIMATE. 35 

does not fall ^^ithin the range of our little work, which 
professes to treat only of those that are connected with 
climate, and, therefore, to a certain degree avoidable, 
avoidable in a high degree by the application of such 
means as a man's own industry or that of his fore- 
fjithers' inherited or acquired wealth, places at his 
disposal. 

In the foregoing pages we have principally treated 
of those influences which are favorable to the produc- 
tion and progress of the disease when once developed, 
and we maintain that we have proved: 

1st. That a very warm climate is more injurious even 
than a very cold one, and that one of medium temper- 
ature is the best. 

2d. That sudden changes of temperature are inju- 
rious if extreme, but that moderate variations are more 
beneficial than a monotonous equability. 

3d. That the most unfavorable winds are those 
charged with most moisture, viz : the eastern and 
northeastern. 

4th. That civilization and its attendant evils, com- 
prised in the term ochlesis, promote the frequency of 
the occurrence of Consumption. 

5th. Which is a corollary of the previous proposi- 
tion — that the more crowded a population is, the more 
prevalent is the disease, and 

6th. That moisture, whether of atmosphere or soil, 
is the injurious agent, both in its production and devel- 
opment. 

Having thus considered the detrimental influences, 
we may now turn to the obverse of the medal, the 
brighter side of the picture ; having shown our invalid 
what has been injurious to him, it is our duty to point 
out to him those aijrencies and climatic conditions which 



36 REMARKS ON CLIMATE. 

have been proved to be most antagonistic to the origi- 
nation of his disease, and opposing the most obstacles 
to its progress. These conditions are naturally the re- 
verse of the preceding ones, and our researches show: 

1st. That dryness is the first attribute of a good cli- 
mate for consumptives. 

2d. That elevated positions are much to be preferred 
to low levels. 

3d. That fresh and pure air is indispensable to the 
consumptive, and consequently that that climate is best 
for him in which he is able without discomfort to spend 
the greater portion of his time in the open air, and we 
wish also to demonstrate that our own climate, wliile it 
is free from all injurious agencies, possesses, in a high 
degree, those qualities which are proved to be benefi- 
cial. 

1st. Dryness. — The favorable effects of dryness of air 
and soil on those affected with Pulmonary Phthisis has 
long been recognized — indeed, nearly eighteen hundred 
years ago Galen conceived the idea of treating Con- 
sumption on the same principles as he did ulcers on the 
skin and elsewhere, i. e., by desiccation and consequent 
cicatrization. To effect this he was in the habit of 
sending his patients to Tabiae.* 

Putting out of consideration for awhile the general 
effects of a tonic-bracing atmosphere on the whole sys- 
tem, it is but natural to conclude that an air void of 
moisture, and consequently of all those minute impuri- 
ties which moisture holds in suspension in such abun- 
dance, is more healing to a surface of lung irritated by 
the deposit of tubercle or by any other cause. 

* De Methodo Medeudi, lib. v., cap. xii., Ed. Kuhn. 



REMARKS ON CLIMATE. 37 

Eest is after all the great healing principle of nature. 
In a large majority of cases of disease rest to the suf- 
ferinir origan is all that is needed for its restoration to 
health. In very many cases if we can procure this na- 
ture will finish the work of restoration. We place a 
broken limb in that position where the muscles will be 
most at rest, and nature reunites the separated bones. 
An iri'itated brain we put to sleep, a diseased stomach 
we rest by abstinence, and it is only reasonable that we 
should seek to apply the same rational treatment, as far 
as lies in our power, to the lungs. Therefore that air 
which calls for the least exertion on the part of these 
organs must necessarily offer them the greatest chance 
of recuperation. 

That the climate of Aiken possesses this essential el- 
ement of dryness we will now proceed to prove, and 
for that purpose have carefully compiled the annexed 
meteorological tables from observations made and kindly 
furnished us by the Eev. John H. Cornish, to w^hom wc 
are also indebted for much other information confirma- 
tory of our own unformularized experience. 

The observations upon which these tables are based 
extend over a period of eight years, and are complete 
in every respect, except that he has been unable of late, 
from the want of proper instruments, to note the dew 
point. His observations of previous years indicate that 
this is invariably low, a fact universally acknowledged 
by all who have resided here for any length of time. 
The difference of temperature between day and night 
must be very marked before dew is deposited at all. 
It is even then so slight that it disappears off the grass 
very soon after sunrise. The atmosphere is so dry that 
surgical and other instruments, guns, etc., which require 
so much care in other places to prevent their rusting, 



38 REMARKS ON CLIMATE. 

may be exposed here for months without sustaining 
damage. 

An exemplification of the dryness of oar soil may be 
found in the fact that our wells have to be dug in some 
places from 90 to 150 feet deep before water is reached. 
The porosity of the earth, composed of a loose, sandy 
gravel, overlying in varying thickness, a bed of red fer- 
ruginous clay is so marked that the water which falls 
during the heaviest rains dries off in a faw hours, thus 
allowing the invalid to take his usual and necessary ex- 
ercise and fresh air — the importance of which w^e pro- 
pose to show a little further on. Fogs are extremely 
rare, and the epiphyte Tillandsia, or tree moss, that un- 
failing indicator of moii?ture and malaria, which so 
gracefully festoons the live-oaks of the low country, is 
entirely absent. 

All these facts conclusively prove that our climate 
possesses in a high degree the element of dryness, which 
we have shown to be so essential to render a climate 
negative in the production, and obstructive to the pro- 
gress of pulmonary disease in general, and Consumption 
in particular. To this element of dryness we conjoin 
the other important one of moderate. 

2d. Temperature. — By reference to the annexed ta- 
bles, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, it will be seen that our range is 
not a very extended one, more especially if we exclude 
exceptional cases as where the thermometer reached 
102° twice and 100° seven times in eight years, and the 
low temperatures of -f 12°, 15°, 17°, 19°, each of which 
was observed but once in eight years, the usual mini- 
mum being seldom under -f 34°. 

Owing to the dryness of the air the atmosphere evap- 
orates in summer very rapidly, producing a cooling of 
the surface and doing away with the feeling of oppres- 



TEMPERATURE. 39 

sion and debility which heat produces when accompa- 
i^^ed by moisture. 

We are acquainted with several instances of Northern 
consumptives who have passed the summer here and 
found themselves in better condition at the end than 
they were at the commencement of it. 

Having given the absolute range of temperature of 
Aiken, let us now compare it with that of other places, 
both in the United kStates and in Europe: 

Table sliowing the difference between the Mean Tempera- 

ture of Aiken and other places of the U. S. 

Mean temperature of Aiken, is 61°. 69 Diflerence. 

" " New York, 50°.09— 11°.60 colder. 

" " Boston, 48°.20— 13°.49 " 

" " Portland, Me., 45°.00— 16°.69 " 

" " Newark, N. J., 48°.39— 13°.30 " 

" " Philadelphia, 53°.46— 8°.23 " 

" " Cincinnati, 54°.07— 7°.62 " 

" " St. Louis, 53°.50— 8°.19 " 

" " San Francisco, 57°.43— 4°.26 " 

«' " Princeton, Min., 39°.60— 22°.09 " 

" " Charleston, S. C, 64°. 35— 2°.66 warmer. 

" " Savannah, 64°.26— 2°. 57 " 

" " St. Augustine, 69°.46— 7°.77 " 

Thus, as compared with places in our own country, 
you Avill perceive that Aiken, in point of mean tempe- 
rature, occupies a desirable medium, as a rule not very 
cold, nor yet hot enough to produce in invalids those 
unfavorable eflPects which we have already described as 
resulting fi-om the depressing influence of long con- 
tinued high temperature. 

We will find next, if we compare it with that of those 
places in Europe which are most resorted to by pulmo- 
nary invalids, that the difference is very slight, all of 
them coming within a few degrees one way or the other. 



40 TEMPERATURE. 

This is a point of some little importance, as it shows 
that we come between the isothermal lines which long 
experience has shown to be best suited to our invalids. 
Thus the mean annual temperature of 

Palermo is 62°. 70, or 1°.01 warmer than Aiken. 

Pisa, 60°.60, or 1°.09 colder than Aiken. 

Nice, 59°.00, or 2°.69 " 

Venice, 56°.40, or 5°.29 " 

Madeira, 65°. 40, or 3°. 71 warmer than Aiken. 

As most of our guests are in the habit of spending 
only the six winter months with us, it may be more in- 
teresting to them if we select the temperature of the 
colder half of the year in other places, and compare it 
with our own during that period. 

The mean temperature of Aiken for the cold season 
being + 51°.63: 

That of New York is 35°.40, or 16°.23 colder than Aiken. 
Cornish, Me., 26°.16, or 25°.47 " 
" Worcester, Mas., 31°.95, or 19°.68 " " 

" Newark, N. J., 35°. 88, or 15°. 75 " 
" Philadelphia, 39°.30, or 12°.33 
" Chicago, 33°.88, or 17°.75 " 

'' Cincinnati, 38°.70, or 12°.93 " " 

" St. Louis, 40°.ll, or 11°.52 " " 

" St. Paul, Minn., 21°.21, or 30°.42 " 
" Florida, 62°. 06, or 10°.43 warmer " 

As before, we will carry the comparison over to that 
of the most noted resorts for consumptives in Europe, 
and we obtain the following encouraging results: 

The mean temperature for the six colder months of 

Nice is 51°. 80, or 0°.17 warmer than Aiken. 
Palermo, 51°.60, or 0°.03 colder " 

Pau, 49°.26, or 2°.37 " " 

Pisa, 49°.00, or 2°.63 " " 

Madeira, 56°.00, or 4°. 37 warmer " 

Venice, 41°. 42, or 10°. 21 colder " 



TEMPERATURE. 41 

Thus we perceive that Aiken may in point, both of 
mean annual temperature and of mean temperature of 
the colder months, be favorably compared with these 
well known and highly esteemed localities, leaving for 
the present for future consideration the advantages it 
possesses in point of dryness and consequent suitability 
for an out-of-door life. 

3d. Winds. — Tn the eight years of our observation, 
the southwest wind, which is the pleasantest, and the 
one which taxes least the delicate lung, prevailed for 
thirty-nine months. On the other hand, the southeast, 
which is so injurious, is very rare, and the east wind 
prevailed for only twelve months during those eight 
years. The force of the wind is usually very moderate. 

The above-named three qualities combined contribute 
essentially to the fourth. 

4th. Ability of the patient to pass the greater . 
PORTION OF HIS TIME IN THE OPEN AIR. — We find the im- 
portance of this so forcibly and emphatically described 
in Dr. C. T. Williams' work on the climate of the South 
of France, that we prefer quoting his words on the sub- 
ject. Speaking of the advantages of a Southern cli- 
mate, he says : '' The chief of these is the amount of 
sunshine the invalid enjoys for weeks and even months 
together, when the sun often rises in a cloudless sky, 
shines for several hours with a brightness and warmth 
surpassing that of the British summer, and then sinks 
without a cloud behind the ranges of the Maritime 
Alps, displaying in his setting the beautiful and varied 
succession of tints which characterize that glorious phe- 
nomenon of the refraction of light, a Southern sunset. 
* * * * Owing to this genial influence, not accom- 
panied, as it is in the most protected of English winter- 
ing places, by any sensation of chill or damp, and the 



42 TEMPERATURE. 

chemical effect of which is seen in the tanning of the 
skin, owing to the freedom of the climate from rapid 
and constantly recurring changes of frost, rain, mist, 
and mild weather, the invalid spends the greatest part of 
the day in the open air and scarcely knows what confine- 
ment within doors means. The exciting causes of his 
complaint being removed, and the long spell of propi- 
tious weather enabling the full influence of the genial 
atmosphere to act on his frame, his bodily vigor gradu- 
ally returns and he finds himself able to enjoy a fair 
amount of exercise, whether walking, driving or riding 
in a region in which earth, sea, and sky present to his 
observation phenomena so varied in. form, so brilliant in 
color, and so wondrous in beauty that an inexhaustible 
feast unfolds itself to his astonished gaze in the enjoy- 
ment of which his attention is withdrawn from the 
contemplation, and oftentimes the exaggeration of his 
own complaint, and directed to higher and nobler ob- 
jects." 

To those persons whose systems have been depressed 
by nervous anxiety and despondency, or whose brain 
and nerves have been overtaxed, this attraction of the 
attention towards external objects is of no little im- 
portance ; while on those who have suffered from too 
sedentary occupation and overcrowding, the ability to 
be out in the fresh air, and to take exercise, to imbibe, 
as it were, sunshine, and draw in health with every 
breath for so large a portion of the twenty four hours, 
exercises very naturally the most beneficial influence. 

In Aiken he may enjoy this great privilege in a high 
degree ; the weather is seldom so continuously dis- 
agreeable as to confine the invalid to the house for a 
whole day. Looking back from the period at which 
we are now writing, we find that in the last fifty-five 



ELEVATION. 43 

days there have been onlj^ three on which he could not 
have been out of doors to enjoy the bright, warm sun- 
shine and balmy air. 

5th. Elevation. — As we have already mentioned, 
Aiken owes much of the peculiar character of its cli- 
mate to its comparative elevation above the surround- 
ing country. It is the highest point on the South 
Carolina Kailroad. From here the road descends 
rapidly to Augusta, leaving us on a kind of plateau on 
the top of a hill. Six hundred feet above the sea level 
may not seem a very great height, nor is it absolutely ; 
but then absolute height is not of so great importance 
as sufficient comparative elevation to ensure thorough 
drainage and a dry air. This subject of the beneficial 
effect of a prolonged residence on high levels on 
Phthisis was brought before the Royal Medical and 
Chirurgical Society last August, and elicited a most 
interesting discussion, to vjhich we have already cur- 
sorily referred. As the opinions expressed were those 
of the highest authorities on the subject in England, 
we will take the liberty of laying them more exten- 
sively before our readers. Dr. Weber described seven- 
teen cases treated by prolonged residence on " high- 
level health resorts," and the effect, he says, may be 
stated as decidedly satisfactory in fifteen, undecided in 
one, and unsatisfactory in another. Two of the cases 
were cured, but, on returning to unhealthy occupations 
and localities, were seized with fresh attacks, resulting 
in death. A post-mortem examination showed the 
healing of the original lesion. It seems that most of the 
other cases got well, but would have relapses w^henever 
they exposed themselves to the causes of their first 
attacks. A second and third more prolonged stay on 
high ground would lead to a more permanent cure. He 



44 ELEVATION. 

thinks that these elevated regions " deserve more atten- 
tion than they have obtained, both as winter and sum- 
mer resorts for puhnonary invalids 5" * * * * * " that 
the tendency to absorption and fibrous transformation 
or cicatrization of deposits — the result aimed at — is 
promoted^ and the tendency to the breaking down of 
tissues and formation of cavities, the result to be 
avoided, is counteracted in elevated health resorts." 
As confirmatory of this view of the retrogression of 
convalescence upon exposure to unfavorable circum- 
stances, you will allow us to quote words used by one 
of us many years ago, when urging upon invalids a 
more prolonged stay in a healing atmosphere, a view 
which has been strengthened by the observations of 
later years, and of which we have examples under our 
eye at this present moment : * " We too often see our 
Northern friends, after improving during the winter, 
and attaining a certain degree of health, return home 
for the summer. The next winter they come back to 
us a little lower in health than when they first came. 
This process is repeated several times, and then we 
either hear of them no more, or that we will not see 
them again, thus proving that a Northern summer does 
not possess the virtues of a Southern climate." 

In accounting for the beneficial action of these high 
levels, Dr. Weber attributes especial importance to the 
dryness of the soil and air; the former as permitting to 
a great degree an out-of-door life ; the second ensuring 
a freedom from foreign admixtures, and also to the 
presence of a large amount of ozone, which increases 
the oxidizing power of the air, and so lessens the 
amount of inspiration necessary to be performed by 

* Address delivered before S. C. Med. Association, by Amory Coffin, 
M. D., 1852. 



ATiMOSPHERE. 45 

the weak lung, giving it, to some degree, that rest 
which we have already spoken of as necessary to a 
diseased organ. 

The inhabitants of large cities, whose health has 
been broken down by the action of that combination of 
deleterious influences which we term ochlesis, and which 
results from overcrowding, will be able to experience 
the revivifying influence, not only of fresh and pure air, 
but of plenty of it. Our little town is spread over a 
large area, the population sparse and the houses scat- 
tered ; so that, while we enjoy many of the privileges 
of a town, such as proximity to markets and shops^ 
postoffice, railroad and telegraph station, we have all 
the freedom from those impurities which poison the air 
of a closely-built town ; true typhoid fever is extremely 
rare, and there has been no case of Consumption origi- 
nating and terminating fatally here for the last fourteen 
years, and this notwithstanding the unfavorable dietetic 
and hygienic (urcumstances in which the poorer classes 
exist. 

TONIC PEOPEETIES OF THE ATMOSPHEEE. 

Besides the soothing influence of the atmosphere on 
the bronchial mucous membranes of the lungs, it has been 
found to have a most tonic efl"ect on the general system. 
This is most especially evidenced in the rapid recovery 
from diseases of debility, the stage of convalescence 
intervening between illness and health, usually so 
tedious, being, as it were, jumped over. This quality is 
attributed by Dr. Ilartsen to the "exciting and vivify- 
ing action of the South." He remarks : " Many a 
patient who in the North is scarcely capable of walk- 
ing a quarter of an hour without fatigue, is often able, 
after his arrival in the South, to take long walks with- 



46 CURABILITY OF CONSUMPTION. 

out experiencing the slightest fatigue, and is thus en- 
abled to exercise his lungs in the open air. I have 
often observed this, and considered it one of the chief 
advantages of a residence in the South." * 

CURABILITY OF CONSUMPTIOK 

"But," some sceptical reader will object, "although 
you have made out a capital case for your climate, and 
we allow that it is highly beneficial in cases of bron- 
chitis, pure and uncomplicated or pneumonic catarrh, 
or convalescence from diseases of debility; that your 
air is pure and easily breathed, your soil dry, your sun 
bright, and your temperature moderate, you must con- 
fess that the most that these advantages can do for 
a sufferer from genuine Consumption is to prolong his 
life for a short time at the cost of expatriation, the 
privation of the precious comforts of home and the 
society of dear friends. The game, you will allow, is 
hardly worth the candle." We are happ}^ to be able 
boldly to say that we confess no such thing. We can 
point out to you more than one person w^ho came 
among us many years ago with hemorrhages, cough, 
emaciation and other symptoms of Pulmonary Phthisis, 
who are not only still alive, but in the enjoyment of 
very fair health. Some of these cases occurred as long 
as thirty years ago, and in one instance the "retro- 
gression of convalescence," on a return to unfavorable 
locality and occupation, was very marked. Let us, 
then, consider the question, 7s Consumption curable? 

As in all sciences, so also in medical knowledge, pro- 
gression is never one of steady advances ; but, like the 
waves of the rising tide, we are sometimes carried 
nearly back to the point whence we started, then a 

* Hartscn, Virchow's Archiv., Band 46, j>. 128. 



CURABILITY OF CONSUMPTION. - 47 

fresh progression, another falling back, and so on ; 
always gaining, but every now and then checked by 
coming in contact with one of those apparently insu- 
perable barriers which seem to mark the confines of 
human knowledge. This truth applies with full force 
to the above question of the curability of Consumption. 
In the last century but few ph^^sicians would have 
dreamed of answering it in the negative; and it was 
only after the invention and application of percussion 
and auscultation, that the idea obtained that Consump- 
tion was an incurable disease, and, owing to the vanity 
of the age, which induced men to undervalue the truths 
acquired through the close and accurate observation 
and experience of the fathers of medicine, became so 
firmly established, that, ten or fifteen years ago, it 
would have been considered rank heresy for any medi- 
cal man to -have asserted a contrary opinion. Since 
that time, however, the old idea of its curability has 
again revived ; and we hope in the present chapter to 
be able to prove, not only that Consumption is curable, 
but that such instances of cure are not unfrequent. In 
the first place, as Waldenburg* justly remarks, it is a 
mistake to suppose that an individual can have Con- 
sumption but once ; in the great majority of cases there 
is a repetition of the disease, and the patient frequently 
looks well and enjoys excellent health in the intervals, 
the symptoms indicative of the disease disappearing 
entirely, or when this, from their nature is impossible, 
remaining in statu guo. 

It appears somewhat remarkable that this important 
fact should have attracted so little notice from those 
who have made a special study of the disease, and yet 
it is of every-day occurrence, so much so that many 

* Die Tuberculose, etc., etc. Von L. Waldenburg, Berlin, 1869. 



48 CURABILITY OF CONSUMPTION. 

even of our lay readers will doubtless recall to mind 
examples of it. 

Without dwelling upon those cases which have come 
under our observation, which, although they impressed 
us strongly with the truth of the statement, yet have 
not been by us, put into notes of sufficient accuracy to 
make them of any value, we will give a short resume of 
the opinions entertained by some of the most celebrated 
authorities on pulmonary affections, selecting a few 
striking cases by way of illustration. 

Fuller, from whoso work we have already quoted, 
after calling to mind the fact that tubercle deposited in 
the external glands may remain quiescent for years, or, 
what is more usually the case, undergo complete re- 
sorption, makes the following remarks: "Thus we are 
constrained to believe that the same holds good in 
respect to the lungs, and that whether tubercular 
deposits in these organs remain quiescent or undergo 
absorption, or calcareous transformation, or be got rid 
of by suppuration and expectoration, the patient may 
recover, or attain to longevity, provided only that his 
general health be improved, and the condition of his 
blood altered, so that no fresh deposit of tubercle shall 
occur." 

He mentions three cases of recovery in which ves- 
tiges of cavities and of tubercular deposit were found, 
although the subjects had ceased to show symptoms of 
Consumption for years previous to their death, and had 
gained flesh in the meantime. The most remarkable 
case was that of Mary Liddon, whose mother had died 
of Consumption, and who herself had been "asthmatic" 
for years, and had occasionally expectorated blood. 
When she first applied for relief, in 1849, she presented 
most of the general symptoms of Consumption. She 



CURABILITY OF CONSUMPTION. 49 

was pale, somewhat emaciated, with nails bent over, 
was short-breathed and expectorated a considerable 
quantity of matter. There was marked dulness and 
flattening under the collar-bones of both sides, and the 
evidences of a cavity in the right lung. A tonic plan 
of treatment was pursued, and after a time the general 
symptoms began to subside, the signs of the excavation 
to disappear, and she rallied so rapidly that before the 
expiration of eighteen months her general aspect was 
that of good health. In 1858 she died of another dis- 
ease, and the body was examined, revealing an old scar 
in the right lung, the remains of the former cavity 
which had healed. There was only a little old tubercle 
in the neighborhood of the scar. 

Even more cheering is the testimony of Dr. C. J. B. 
Williams, who has preserved notes of no less than two 
thousand cases of Consumption. The following are his 
words : " Powerless as medicine is in the overwhelming 
and rapid types of the disease, it has yet considerable 
influence over the milder forms, and under careful 
treatment life may be prolonged for many years in 
comfort and usefulness, and in not very few cases the 
disease is so permanently arrested that it may be called 
cured. In six hundred cases there were no less than 
fifty-six in which the disease was arrested and the 
patients lived twenty years and upwards." 

This does not include many cases where the disease 
was checked in its incipicncy. 

For the sake of encouraging our patients to persevere 
in the treatment prescribed for them, we will now give 
a brief synopsis of some of these cases. 

"An unmarried lady consulted Dr. W. in 1847 — had 
cough for eighteen months. During the two months 
previous to her visit, her breath had become hurried, 



50 CURABILITY OF CONSUMPTION. 

and her flesh and strength had become much reduced. 
She had no appetite, and had spit up a few mouthfuls 
of blood. At the time of her visit she was very weak 
and much emaciated, with quick pulse and profuse night 
sweats. There were signs of tubercle in more than half 
of the left side of the chest, and cavities in the same 
region. Under the treatment instituted, she improved 
in strength and well being, and had but little cough. 
She continued to improve, and was married in 1850. In 
1867, twenty years after her first visit, and twenty-one 
and a half from the commencement of the disease, she 
was alive and well. 

" A clergyman, 32 years old, was seen by Dr. W. for 
the first time in 1846. He had lost four sisters with 
Consumption. Three years previous to that time he 
had become hoarse. Cough with expectoration and 
shortness of breath came on five months before. There 
were signs of tubercle and cavities in upper portion of 
right side of chest. He was placed under treatment, 
and for the next two years resided at Minehead, and in 
parts of Devonshire, Malta, and Pisa. In 1868 he was 
again seen when he was quite well and active, conduct- 
ing a large school, could walk, -preach and bear expo- 
sure to any extent. The physical signs, dulness, etc., 
remained, rather to be attributed, however, to the ves- 
tiges of his former complaint than to any existing dis- 
ease, as he had enjoyed excellent health for twelve 
years." 

These well marked cases of Dr. Williams are but 
types of what we have not unfrequently witnessed 
ourselves. Waldenburg, after dwelling upon the fact 
that the same individual may have more than one at- 
tack of Consumption, makes the following bold state- 
ment: 



CURABILITY OF CONSUMPTION. . 51 

"Viewed in this light, Phthisis is one of the most fre- 
quently curable among the diseases which endanger life, 
and its treatment is often for the physician a most 
grateful task. Compared with chronic disease of the 
brain, with nephritis, cancer, etc., how hopeless do these 
latter appear. It is true that to attain this result, the 
patient's circumstances must admit not only of his fol- 
lowing the medical prescriptions and directions about 
diet, but also of considerable material sacrifices, such as 
long journeys, change of residence," etc. (Op. cit.) 

Of late years it has been demonstrated by actual ex- 
periment that Consumption may be produced in the 
lower animals by inoculation. During these experi- 
ments, which have been carried on very extensively, it 
sometimes happened that the animals recovered, and 
gre\v fat again. They were afterwards killed, and their 
bodies examined. In such cases the vestiges of the dis- 
ease were observed, the tubercular matter having un- 
dergone retrograde metamorphosis. 

We have thus corroborated our seemingly bold state- 
ment of the curability of Consumption by the quota- 
tion of the opinions of the most eminent authorities in 
Europe, and proved the ground of their opinions by the 
citation of cases most carefully observed by them. 

This is certainly most cheering, but such is the hope- 
fulness of disposition which, so strangely, almost in- 
variably accompanies this disease, that it falls much 
often er to our lot to be obliged, in mercy, to repress 
unfounded hope than to inspire confidence. This san- 
guineness seems to be contagious, for it not only com- 
municates itself to surrounding friends, but influences 
the judgment of the attending physician. '. 'he floating 
straw is not only caught at by the drowning man, but 
is crucll}^ held out to him by those standing on the 



52 • CURABILITY OP CONSUMPTION. 

shore. The unfortunate consequence is that we have 
too often sent down to us. for our climate to cure, 
cases which are beyond cure — cases in which the ex- 
istence of large cavities, profuse suppuration, laryngeal 
ulceration, colliquative diarrhoea, and other equivalent 
signs indicate that they have reached that stage 
whence there are no backward steps towards conva- 
lescence. In the name of that charity which we claim 
as characteristic of our profession, we entreat our 
Northern brethren not to deprive these poor sufferers 
of the unpurchasable blessings of home, or the last 
blessing of dying among those who have loved them 
during life. Grant them what the old Eomans consid- 
ered the great blessing of the extreme hour, that of dy- 
ing among their kin. " It is too sad," as Dr. Pollock 
remarks, "to sit by such a patient and calculate his 
chances of life, whether they are sufficient to bear him 
home again, or whether it is necessary to allow him to 
breathe his last among strangers." 

How sad can hardly be appreciated by any but those 
who, like ourselves, often see such patients arrive with 
the certain conviction that they have come to us only 
to die. 

" Before sending a patient South," says Dr. Hartsen, 
"the physician should ask himself, not whether the 
change will afford him some chance of prolonging life, 
but whether it will afford him a considerable chance of 
so doing. To get worse in the South, perhaps to such 
an extent as to prevent his return to his home, is truly 
a fearful evil, which no one should be subjected to with- 
out good reason." (Yirchow's Archiv.) And this all the 
more not only because the death of such a patient, un- 
der such circumstances, is sad in the extreme, but also 
because it throws over the whole community of fellow 



CONCLUSION. 53 

invalids a mournful gloom, and affects their spirits most 
prejudicially. 

And now our task is done; we have set forth what 
we deem, and what others deem to be the essentials of 
a curative climate, and we have shown how far our own 
climate possesses those essentials. In doing this we 
have endeavored to present an impartial, unprejudiced 
statement, and we are not conscious of having extenu- 
ated or embellished anything. 

To those of our readers who have accompanied us to 
the end, we would say that we hope that we have not 
shown ourselves too pedantic in our effort to instruct, 
that we have not " talked more shop " than was abso- 
lutely necessary; and finally, we hope that they may 
realize what, in the words of our motto, is the greatest 
blessing upon earth, not to be well, as many suppose, 
but to get well. May they get well, and fare well. 



54 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 



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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 



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gUSINESS giRECTORY. 



TOVv^N COUNCIL 

W. SCHMIDT, Intendent. 

WARDENS. 



J. K. WEEVER. 
H. WESSELS. 



E. H. A. OAKLEY. 
H. BUSH. 

W. H. HARBERS, Clerk. 



Board of Improvement, &e. 
Dr. W. H. GEDDINGS, Chairman. 



E. J. C. WOOD. 
Dr. T. G. ROCKWELL. 
Dr. a. coffin. 
HENRY SMITH. 



E. H. A. OAKLEY. 
S. OTT. 

A. DeCAVEDEUC. 
H. WESSELS. 



GEO. GEVNER, Secretary. 

The above Board superintends public improvements, collects funds to 
be devoted to that purpose, provides for the comfort of the visitors, and 
affords them useful information concerning Board and other matters. To 
accomplish these ends, the clerk will keep a liegiaier q^ all Vacant Rooms 
in the town, and be at all times prepared to assist strangers in obtaining 
accommodations, as well a8 to reply to all communications on this subject 
addressed to the Board by persons at a distance. He will also call upon, 
every stranger immediately after his arrival, enter his name and resi 
dence upon the Lint of Arrivals, and solicit from him a contribution to be 
devoted to the embellishment of the park, the repair of walks, the erec- 
tion of benches, &c., <fec. For the present the lier/ister of Vacant Roonm 
and the List of Arrivals will bo kept at the Drug Store of Messrs. Wood 
& Co., where they will be open throughout the day to the inspection of 
the public. 

N. B. — Persons addressing communications to the Board will please 
enclose a stamp for the reply. 



OIFIFIOiH! OIF" 

1® Mm e^ ^mmwp 



AND 



INSURANCE AGENT, 



The undersigned would call the attention of Invalids, Capital- 
ists, Farmers, Horticulturalists, Mechanics and others, who desire 
to secure a 



in a climate of unsurpassed salubrity, exempt from the rigors of 
a Northern winter, easy of access, and where many Northerners 
have already located, to the DESIEABLE PROPEKTIES now 
offered for sale in the 

VICINITY OF JLIKEIST, 

COMPRISING 

Orchards, Vineyards, Improved FarniSf Water 
Poivers, Kaolin Deposits, Potteries, Un- 
improved Lands, Town Hesidences 
and JSuilding Lots, 

E. J. C. AVOOD. 

]Sr. B. — Communications by mail promptly answered. Cor- 
respondents are requested to enclose stamps for replies. 
Pamphlets descriptive of Aiken and vicinity for sale. 



Aim H©f IL, 

AIKEN, SOUTH CAROLINA, 

Is situated in a pleasant location, and in the imme- 
diate vicinity of the Depot, rendering it a desirable 
Hotel for either permanent or transient guests. The 
climate is unsurpassed, and as a resort for invalids, is 
favorably known and spoken of, and highly recom- 
mended by the Medical Faculty generally. The ac- 
commodations are good, having suits of finel}^ furnished 
apartments for families and single gentlemen. The 
Proprietor will endeavor to make the Hotel a First- 
class House, and no effort vrill be spared to deserve a 
continuance of the liberal patronage heretofore be- 
stowed upon it. 

Livery accommodations will be found adjoining the 
Hotel. 

W. J. ANDERSON, 

Agent* 



Aiken Hotel Livery Stables, 

IN THE REAR OF THE HOTEL. 

iiwiii wmiiiw, 

KEEPS CONSTANTLY ON HAND, FOE THE. USE OF 
VISITOKS, 

Carriases, Bretts, Mm aM Sails Horses, 



Drivers Oarefuil and. Polite. 

LiTTery Staples, 

R. R. Avenue, above the Hotel. 

mm, m\\ mm k mm horses 

FUENISHED FOR THE USE OF VISITORS. 

The proprietor hopes, by giving his personal attention to the 
business, to merit a continuance of the patronage heretofore so 
liberally bestowed upon him. 



TO MY FRIENDS IN POUGHKEEPSIE 

AND OTHER PLAGES. 



I have now finished my house in Aiken, at a cost of some $10,000. 
I partly left Poughkeepsie to get a cheaper home than I could 
obtain in that lovely place. But this house grew up under my 
hands until it became like a little hotel. It contains sixteen 
rooms, 20 x 20 feet each, measured from the exterior lines, with an 
open fireplace, and closet 6^4 feet in every one of them, and four 
halls 40 M 10 feet. 

The kitchen and washrooms are supplied on a novel and economi- 
cal plan, with hot and cold water, which can be carried into any 
room in the house to extinguish a fire, or answer the demands of 
domestic purposes. An elevator, reaching from the basement hall 
to the garret, with a power to the weight as 10-1, can carry up 
wood for the fires, carry down slops and refuse water from the 
chambers, and any lady or gentleman, who chooses to pull the 
ropes. 

The papers have been making a great noise about their "Earth- 
Closets," but each bed-room of this large, convenient and hand- 
some building contains a water "Commode" on a new and sim- 
ple principle, much superior to anything these closets can ever be 
made to be. 

The building is surrounded by large umbrazeous oaktrees, which 
defend it from the rays of the hot sun, but freely admit the cool 
breezes under their spreading branches. This residence has a 
large and handsome portico on every side, some one of which is 
mostly pleasant and inviting every day of the year. 

Mrs. Nichols, my second daughter, and her mother, have a 
large experience in keeping boarders, and to turn this big mansion 
to some account, they mean to open it as a Boarding House the 
next winter, for the accommodation of invalids, and those who 
wish to enjoy the warm and delightful winter of Aiken. Rooms 
for one occupant, on the first floor, will cost $80 a month ; on the 
on the second, $70; on the third, $60. For two in a room, $70, 
$60, $50 each a month. 

The food, if not sumptuous and of exciting variety, will be well 
prepared, of the best quality and abundant. Good pains will be 
taken to make this place a happy home for every one. But any 
boarder of bad habits or unpleasant manners will be quietly re- 
quested to look for other quarters. 

AIKEN, S. C. WILLIAM McGEORGE. 



STEEDMAN HOUSE, 

A. I K E :n' , s . c . 

This comfortable and commodious House, the most 
conveniently located of all Boardingj Houses in the 
town, is now open for the accommodation of'invalids 
desirous of wintering^ in Aiken, as well as for that of 
transient visitors. The table will be well supplied with 
good and choice food, and no effort will be spared by the 
proprietor to merit a continuance of the patronage 
heretofore so liberally bestowed upon him. Particular 
attention bestowed upon invalids. 

A choice assortment of native wines always on hand. 
Terms moderate. 

J. a. STEEDMAN. 

PRIVATE BOARDING 

AT 

SMYZER'S 



In a pleasant, high and dry locality where every at- 
tention will be paid to the comfort of those who may 
favor him with their company. Accommodations good 
and terms moderate. 

H. SMYZER, 

Formerly Proprietor of Aiken Hotel. 



THE AIKEN 



Keeps constantly on hand and manufactures to order 

YELLOW PINE 

LUMBER 

or ANY SIZE AND DESOKIPTION, 

ALSO, 



i 




IT WW 



I 




Grrooyed and Tongued Flooring 



AND 



DRESSED LUMBER 



Orders will always receive prompt attention and satisfaction guar- 
anteed. 

F. ROSEBROOK & CO. 



BATHHOUSE, 

AIKEN. SO. CA. 



Tlie II?x^oi>rletor ^vill l5:eei> 

For the special convenience of the guests. 

Every morning from 10 to 12 lie will serve Bullion with 
Egg, to refresh the invalid after his bath. 



nip®i ©F MAiiws wisie. &©, 



i. p. f . fiiiii, 

Mm Mi mwmw 

LAUHENS ST., AIKEN, S. C. 

Keeps constantly on hand a full and fresh assortment of 

BREADS, CAKES, 

PIES, SUGAR PLUMS, 

CANDIES, JELLIES, 

And all other articles usually found in a first-class Confectionery Store. 
IN SPRING AND SUMMER, 

ICE CKE^IVX ^1VI> J^JHERliEiT. 

JV. 2?. Weddiiif/ and Party CaUes furulshed at short notice. 



W. "W. HUNTING. E. J- C. "WOOD. 

w®tt® & e®.. 

Druggists and Stationers, 

AllCEN, SO. CA. 

Keep constantly on hand a general assortment of Selected 

Jrugs, i|hemicals, f erfumery, 

Fancy Articles, Kerosene Oil Lamps and Fixtures, Fine 

"Writing Papers and Envelopes, Blank Books, 

Novels, Gift Books, «&c. 

TERMS CASH. PRICES MODERATE. 



Druggist & Apothecary, 



A-iKEisr, so. OA.. 

Constantly on hand, Fresh 



PERFUMERY, STATIONERY, 
BRANDIES AND WINES FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES, 

And all articles usually found in a first-class Drug Store. 
Physicians Prescriptions Accurately Prepared at all Hours. 

ALSO, LANDRETH'S FRESH GARDEN SEEDS. 



lii L. ■. EO 

Laurens Street, 

Millineiy Si Fancy Goods 

ESTABLISHMENT. 

A LARGE AND SELECT ASSORTMENT OF 

Flowers, Dress Trimmings, Laces, Ribbons, 

ALL KINDS OF WOEK DONE ON (JROVEE & BAKEE'S MACHINES. 

H. WESSELS. CH. KLATTE. 

M. Wmsmmmm S €&*9 

DEALERS IN 

DRY m FMCY GOODS, 

Boots, Shoes, Trunks and Saddlery, 
HARD AMD CROCKERYWARE, 

CHOICE FAMILY GROCERIES, 

INCLUDING 

NATIVE WINES AND BHAJVDIES. 



TO OXJU. TTISITOXIS. 

HENRY HAHN, 

Begs leave to inform the Visitors to Aiken that he has 
on hand the following articles, of superior quality, and 
can furnish them on reasonable terms : 

Heidsick Champagne, 
Jamaica Rum, 

Old Hennessey Cognac Brandy, 
Domestic Brandies. 

And all the finer and more delicate Groceries. 

N. B. — Cashes Drafts and Checks on Northern Banks 
and Bankers. 



HAHN & STATJBES. 

In order the better to provide for the wants of th© 
invalids and others visiting Aiken, and contribute to 
their health and enjoyment, the undersigned have 
formed a partnership in the 

Livery Stable 

business, and will furnish them with new and comfort- 
able CARRIAGES and BRETTS, nice BUGGIES and 
HORSES, gentle and easy-riding SADDLE HORSES, 
with good Harness, easy Side and Gentleman Saddles, 
and respectful and polite drivers, on reasonable terms. 

HAHN & STAUBES. 

HENRY IIAliN. JOHN STAUBES. 



JOHIT D. BUTT &. BRO, 

266 Broad Street, 

AUGUSTA, GEORGIA, 




M wmmm 

KEEP CONSTANTLY ON HAND 



SEGAES, TOBACCO, 
Domestic and Imported Crackers, 

FISH, OLIVES, OLIVES FiROIAS, 

ANCHOVIES, RUSSIAN SARDINES, 

DUTCH HERRINGS, &c., &c. 



MILLS mmm 



This well-kncwn House has boon NEWLY FURNISHED, and 
is now open to the public. 

The House has always enjoyed a reputation equal to any house 
south of New York, and is now kept in such a stylo as to reflect 
credit on its former reputation. 

Invalids will find this House a Lome, and persons wishing to 
spend a few days in Charleston, on business or pleasure, will lind 
it THE MODERN House in the City. 



JOHN PARKER, Proprietor. 



WM. McLEAN 



JOBBER AND DEALER IN 



l#f ii li: 



& 




AND 



SLI 



iftD©:si 



(f 



Musical Instruments, Stationery, Base Balls, Fireworks, 

With a tbouBand other Notions too large to enumerate. 

STAMPING, BRAIDING & EMBROIDERY, 

Neatly Executed from Patterns of the Latest approved 
Designs. Also, Agent for 

W. H. CORE (133 CHATHAM ST., N. Y.,) SHOW OASES. 

OlTATiLlCJ-i^rOlV, W. C\ 



JAMES A. 6EAT & GO. 

z:M::poie/TEi?.s 

AND WHOLESALE AND KETAIL DEALERS IN 

DRY GOODS, 

228 Broad Street, 
AUGUSTA, OEOROIA. 



Possessing unsurpassed facilities in 

F0KEI6N AND DOMESTIC MAKKETS, 

And procuring our stock entirely from First Hands, 
we can offer first-class 

GOODS ill W LOWES! CISH PMCiS, 



OTJK/ stock:, 

IN EVERY DEPARTMENT, 

IS AT ALL TIMES COMPLETE. 
Orders have our Particular Attention. 



Strangers and Citizens of Aiken and vicinity are 
respectfully invited to inspect our Goods. 



REGULAR LINE OF STEAMERS 

BETWEEN 

Charleston, South Carolina, 

AND 



RAVENEL & CO., Agents, 

Cor. East Bay S Vanderhorst's Vliarf, 

CHAKLESTON, S. C. 

ARTHUR LEARY, Agent, 

7S Willimn Street^ 

NEW YORK. 

Steamers leare Pier No. 8 North River, New York. 

G. J. LUHN, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 



S. E. cor. of King and John Sts., 



r\ 




1 



J 




TMBS iST^®L8SMIiiiT. 

Pleasantly situated, combining the advantages 



OF 



w 



m 



mm. 



m 



Will accommodate comfortably 

T^W^ENTY aXJESTS. 

The Proprietor will use his utmost endeav- 
or* to contribute to the comfort and amuse- 
ment of the inmates by providing 

THE BEST OF FARE, 

PREPARED m THE NORTHERN STYLE. 

Croquet Grounds, Swings, 

And other healthful recreations will be attached to the 

place. 

p. B. WILLIAMS, 

OF BUFFALO, N. Y., 

Proprietoi". 



AW C. K 



1 



) 



Migm &fiM Big MMMm$» 

Two doors above Globe Hotel, 

Broad St., Augusta, Ga. 



J. 



ESTABLISHED 1820. 



THE LARGEST STOCK OF 

BOOTS. SHOES, TRlllS, 

VALISES and SATCHELS 

IN THE CITY. 
Sol<3. a.t JSxxiAll r»rc»£Lt. 



JOHN & THOS. A. BONES, 

im ip@ad Stir©©t, 

-A.XTC3-TTST.A., <3-EOHC3-Ija., 

IMPOKTEES AND DEALERS IN FOBEIGN & DOMESTIC 

HARDWARE, 

Keeps on hand a large assortment of 

Rodgers' Table &, Pocket Cutlery, 

Scissors, Fluting Machines, Pinking Irons, 
Curling Tongs. 



Consisting, in part, of 

Shovels and Tongs, Fenders, Pots, Ovens, 
House and Well Buckets. 

A general assortment of 

Steel and Iron jN'ails, Axes, Hatchets, Plows, 

Garden and Canal Barrows, Garden 

Rakes and Hoes, 

Guns, Powder, Shot, etc., etc. 

Which wiU be sold at the Lowest Market Rate, 

They would also call attention to the 

Patent T>oiil>le-I*ointe<i >?*teel Miatting: an.<i 
Cai'jpet Tacks, 

The most convenient and superior article now in use. 

JOHN & THOS. A. BONES. 
Packages delivered at Railroad Depots. 



PIIILIIPSI STAFFORD, 

CAlPllf lis 



-A-ISTD 



Take Contracts for large and small buildings, and other 
work in their line. 



Jobbing promptly attended to. 



Laurens St., Aiken, So. Ca., 

Keeps on hand a full assortment of 

GROCERIES, DRY GOODS, 

Also, a choice collection of 

AATINES, LIQUORS, 

Tobacco, Seg-ars, &c. 

A large stock of the celebrated 

Pmits and Flowers Smoking Tobacco, 

CONSTANTLY ON HAND. 



XaSLTJLTceiiL^ Street, -A^ilceii, S. O., 

Has always on hand a well assorted stock of 

fR0CERIES,§RY|00DS, 
Hardvv^are, &e., &e. 

Also, an excellent stock of 

WIirES,ALESS,LIl2TJ0IlS, 

A.JL.lLi OF THE FIJVEST QUALITY. 



J. H, BECKMAN, 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 

DRY &OODS& GROCERIES, 

mported Eoglish Ales and Porters, 



A.]VI> OTHER I^IQXJORS. 

Also, a fine assortment of 

HARDWARE, BOOTS, SHOES, HATS, 
CAPS AND CLOTHING. 



W. Perroneau Pinley, Esq.. 

ATTORNEY AT LAV/, 



AND 






FBEBEmmm A F&mm» 

-A-ttorney at La^w, 

Practices in the Courts of the Counties of Barnwell, Edgefield, 
Orangeburg, Lexington and Charleston, 

AND 

Oommissioner of Deeds for the States of 

NEW YORK, MICHIGAN, 

CONNECTICUT, GEORGIA, and 

MASSACHUSETTS, CALIFORNIA. 



Comraunictitions from persons desirous of Purchasing or 
Kenting Property at Aiken and its vicinity will be promptly 
responded to. 

La^v Oflice on JTenliins Street, 



FOR SALE. 

Four very desirable Building Lots, viz : 
Two 150 M 150. 

Two 150 H 200, located near the business 
part of the town. 

TO LET. 

A commodious Dwelling near the above. 
Also, two or three Furnished Rooms. 



Corner Laurens and Barnwell Streets, 

Formerly of Fairfield County, Ct. 



©T» 



&E]VEIi^^L 



SOUTHERN LAND AGENCY, 



A. I K inisr. S 



O 



City and Village Houses and Lots, Farms, Vineyards, 
Plantations, Sao. 

Five Hundred Places for Sale, adapted to all wants. 

Parties wishing information of this section of the South, South 
Carolina, Georo;ia or North Carolina, the adaptation of differ- 
ent parts to different kinds of business, Farming, Planting Cot- 
ton, Fruit Raising, Stock Eaising, Manufacturing, or Mercantile 
Business, etc., will be furnished on application as above, statincj 
the information they desire, enclosing stamps, fees, &c. 



VILLA ROSA, 

j^IIiETSr, SO- CJ^. 

Announces to her friends, and persons seeking Board 
at Aiken, S. C, that she has opened this large Estab- 
lishment, and is prepared to receive Boarders on very 
moderate terms. 

This House, located as it is, in the midst of extensive 
Pine Groves, offers peculiar advantages to persons 
suffering from Pulmonary or Throat affections — the 
aroma of the Pine Tree being deemed itself a specific. 

Please address 

VILLA EOS A, AlKKN, S. C. 

WaUAM S. GORWIN & GO. " 

Importers and Dealers in 

'|hOICE ^INES, gRANDIES, |EAS, IuGARS 



FAMILY GROCERIES, 
No. -257 KING STREET, . CHARLESTON, S. 0. 

BRANCH OF 

No. 900 Broadway, comer 20th Street, 



New York and Charleston 




STEAMSH 



D 



N 



Travellers going South will find it to their comfort 
and convenience to take one of the SUPEEIOIJ 
OCEAN SIDE-WIIRML STEAMSHIPS of this Line, 
leaving Pier No. 5, North River, ever\ TUES- 
DAY and SATUEDAY at B o'clock, r. m., connecting- 
at Charleston with the SOUTH CAT.OLINA EAIL- 
KOAD. trains leaving twice every day. 

Fare tliroili to Men, S, C, anil Anpsta, (la, $22,00, 

Iiic'ludinLr Meals and State-Rooms. 

The through time to Augusta is about 70 liours. 

Travellers returning- North can secure rooms in ad- 
vance, without extra charge, by addressing the Charles- 
ton Agents. 

MANHATTAN, M. S. Woodhull, Commander. 
CHAMPION, K. W. LocKwooi), 
CHARLESTON, James Bekiiy, 
JAMES ADGER, T. J. Lock wool, 

HENRY R. MORGAN & CO., 

Agents at yew York, 

JAMES ADGER & CO,, 

Agents at Charleston, 




W. B. WELLS, 

! k iffl IGGl 




AUGUSTA^ GEORGIA. 

Invite? attention to a large and carefully selected stock of choice 

Medicines, Chemical Re-Agents, Brushes, 
Perfumery, Cosmetics, Soaps, 

and an endless variety of articles adapted to the toilet or boudoir. 

To sustain the favorable reputation that this establishment has en- 
joyed for nearly half a century, the Proprietor clings to its motto, " The 
BEST Goods at Fair Prices." 

His stock of MEDICINAL DRUGS, ARTICLES OF DIET and REM- 
EDIES FOR INVALIDS have been selected in person, and are being 
replenished wecklv. 

All the popular preparations of IRON, COD-LIVER OIL, &c., recog- 
nized and sanctioned by the medical faculty, constantly on hand. 

Invalids and others s«)journing in Aiken, are requested to make them- 
selves "at home.'' Thoy will be courteously treated, and any informa- 
tion in our power to extend will be gladly furnished. 

Parcels sent to Aiken without delay. 

liefer hy permisawn to—\\. STEVENSON, Esq., Dr. W. H. G ED- 
DINGS, W. PERRONEAU FINLEY, Esq., Aiken, S. C. 



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^M^mLM$w&m M^ G\ 



THIS FIRST-CLASS HOTEL, 

Situated in a pleasant location, and in ibc business por- 
tion of the city, renders it the m03t desirable Hotel for 
-cither permanent or transient guests. The 

Accommodations are Unsurpassed, 

havinjT extensive suites of ELEGANTLY FURNISH- 
ED APARTMENTS for FAMILIES and SINGLE 
GENTLEMEN. 

The Proprietor Avill endeavor to maintain the high 
reputation enjoyed by the "CHARLESTON," as a first- 
class house, and no effort V7\\\ be spared to deserve a 
continuance of the liberal patronage heretofore be- 
stowed upon it. 

The best of LIVERY ACCOMMODATIONS will be 
found adjoining the establishment. 

The .house is supplied with the celebrated ARTE- 
SIAN WATER, of which delightful 

B A. T HL S 

CAN BE HAD EITHER DAY OR NIGHT. 

E. H. JACKSON, 

Proprietor. 




T3E3C3E3 J^JSt&T I3»- 

Recommended by the highest Medical authority in South Carolina. Se« 
wrapper around each Bottle!! for this and numerous other testimonials. For the 
Weak, for the Pale, for the Hickly. for the Aged, for Females, for Spring use, 
no Bitters equal them. They give tone and vigor to the young and old, male 
and female. All use it with "wonderful success. Try them, take no other. 

Ask for SUMTER BITTERS. Sold by Druggists and Grocers everywhere. 

4®* See that our 'signature is over tlie Cork of each Bottle. 
DOWIE & MOISE, Proprietors and Wholesale Drus^gists, Charleston, S. 0, 



JOHN & THEO. GETTY, 
Shipping 8t Commission Merchants, 

Agents PMlaieliiliia M Charleston Steamsliip Line, 

North Atlantic Wharf, 

CHARLESTON, S. C. 

Will attend to the purchase and shipment of 
COTTON, RICE, NAVAL STORES, LUM- 
BER and SOUTHERN PRODUCE gene- 
rally. Also, the procuring of FREIGHTS 
and CHARTERS for Vessels. 

Consignments of MERCHANDISE soli- 
cited, which will receive prompt attention. 



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